Crypto Tax Rules: US, EU, UK, and the New Reporting Era

What you'll learn

• Crypto Taxes Are Real
• Taxable Events
• Record Keeping and Tax Software
• US Tax Rules (the IRS view)
• EU MiCA, DAC8, UK HMRC, and Beyond
• For Deeper Reading

Key terms

Cost basis

The original value of an asset for tax purposes, typically what you paid including fees. Determines capital gain/loss when sold.

Capital gains

Profit from selling an asset for more than its cost basis. Taxed at long-term (>1 year held) or short-term (≤1 year) rates.

Taxable event

Any transaction creating a tax obligation: selling crypto for fiat, swapping crypto-to-crypto, spending crypto, receiving rewards.

IRS Notice 2014-21

The 2014 IRS ruling treating cryptocurrency as property (not currency) for federal tax purposes. Foundational US tax rule.

Form 8949

IRS form used to report capital gains and losses. Information transfers to Schedule D.

Form 1099-DA

New IRS form for digital asset broker reporting under Sec. 6045. Gross proceeds reporting effective Jan 1, 2025; cost basis Jan 1, 2026.

Wash sale rule

IRS rule disallowing loss deduction if you repurchase a "substantially identical" security within 30 days. Currently does NOT apply to crypto, enabling tax-loss harvesting.

Rev. Rul. 2023-14

August 2023 IRS revenue ruling clarifying that staking rewards are taxed as ordinary income at FMV when you gain "dominion and control."

MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation)

EU regulation; stablecoin rules effective June 30, 2024; full CASP rules December 30, 2024. Transitional grandfathering through July 2026.

DAC8

EU directive on tax cooperation effective Jan 1, 2026. Requires crypto-asset service providers to report user data; first reporting Sept 30, 2027.

GENIUS Act

First US federal stablecoin framework. Signed July 18, 2025. Requires 100% reserve backing, monthly disclosures, AML compliance.

Tax-loss harvesting

Selling assets at a loss to realize the loss for tax deduction, then often rebuying. Particularly powerful in crypto due to wash sale rule not applying.